How Can You Tell if a Bonsai Tree is Unhealthy?

Preserving the Harmony: Identifying Signs of an Unhealthy Bonsai

Bonsai trees, with their miniature beauty and intricate artistry, are often prized possessions of plant enthusiasts. However, these delicate creations are susceptible to various health issues that can affect their well-being. This article aims to provide a comprehensive guide to identifying the signs of an unhealthy bonsai tree, encompassing diseases, pests, nutritional deficiencies, environmental stressors, and physical damage. Understanding these ailments can empower bonsai owners to take prompt action, ensuring the longevity and vitality of their prized plants.

Bonsai trees, with their captivating blend of art and nature, require diligent care to maintain their exceptional beauty. Understanding the nuances of their health is paramount for preserving their delicate balance. This article delves into the realm of bonsai health, providing an in-depth examination of the myriad factors that can lead to an unhealthy bonsai tree. From the pernicious effects of diseases to the insidious attacks of pests, we will explore the symptoms, causes, and potential treatments for these afflictions. Through this knowledge, bonsai enthusiasts can arm themselves with the tools necessary to ensure the well-being of their cherished miniature masterpieces.

Bonsai trees, meticulously cultivated to mirror the grandeur of nature in miniature, demand a deep understanding of their health needs. This article embarks on an exploration of the factors that can compromise their well-being, including environmental stressors and physical damage. Environmental extremes, such as excessive heat or drought, can test the resilience of bonsai trees, potentially leading to irreversible damage. Physical injuries, whether caused by accidents or improper handling, can also disrupt their delicate balance. Through a comprehensive analysis of these challenges, bonsai owners can develop informed strategies to protect their trees, fostering their continued beauty and vitality.

1. Signs of Disease

Bonsai trees, with their intricate beauty and delicate nature, can be susceptible to a variety of diseases that can affect their health and vitality. Understanding the signs and symptoms of these diseases is crucial for bonsai enthusiasts to ensure the well-being of their treasured miniature trees. This section of the article will delve into the realm of bonsai diseases, exploring the unique symptoms associated with each type. Armed with this knowledge, bonsai owners can take prompt action to identify and address any disease that may threaten the health of their trees.

Fungal diseases, a common affliction among bonsai trees, can manifest in various forms. Powdery mildew, characterized by a white, powdery substance on leaves and stems, can inhibit photosynthesis and weaken the tree. Root rot, a more severe fungal disease, can cause yellowing leaves, stunted growth, and eventually lead to the death of the tree. Bacterial diseases, though less common, can also pose a significant threat to bonsai trees. Fire blight, a bacterial infection, can cause rapid wilting of leaves and stems, while crown gall, another bacterial disease, can lead to the formation of瘤 on the trunk or roots of the tree.

Viral diseases, while relatively rare in bonsai trees, can have devastating effects. Mosaic virus, a common viral disease, can cause yellowing and distortion of leaves, while yellow vein virus can lead to yellowing of veins and stunted growth. It is important to note that viral diseases can be difficult to diagnose and treat, often requiring professional assistance from an arborist or plant pathologist. Early detection and prompt treatment are key to minimizing the impact of diseases on bonsai trees. Regular monitoring and inspection, combined with proper cultural practices, can help prevent disease outbreaks and ensure the continued health and beauty of these miniature masterpieces.

Fungal Diseases

Fungal diseases are a common threat to the health of bonsai trees, and can manifest in various forms depending on the specific type of fungus involved. Powdery mildew, one of the most prevalent fungal diseases, is characterized by the appearance of a white or gray powdery substance on the leaves and stems of the tree. This fungal growth can hinder photosynthesis and weaken the overall health of the bonsai. If left untreated, powdery mildew can lead to stunted growth, yellowing of leaves, and premature defoliation. Another common fungal disease, root rot, affects the roots of the tree, causing them to decay and rot. Symptoms of root rot include yellowing leaves, stunted growth, and wilting. In severe cases, root rot can lead to the death of the tree.

There are several factors that can contribute to the development of fungal diseases in bonsai trees, including excessive moisture, poor air circulation, and inadequate sunlight. Overwatering, in particular, can create an environment that is conducive to the growth of fungus. It is important for bonsai owners to ensure proper drainage and avoid overwatering their trees to minimize the risk of fungal infections. Additionally, providing adequate sunlight and air circulation can help to keep the tree healthy and less susceptible to disease.

Treatment for fungal diseases in bonsai trees typically involves the use of fungicides. It is important to identify the specific type of fungus affecting the tree in order to select the most appropriate fungicide. In some cases, cultural practices such as improving drainage and increasing air circulation may be sufficient to control the spread of the disease. Pruning infected branches or roots can also be necessary to prevent the further spread of the fungus. Early detection and prompt treatment are crucial for managing fungal diseases in bonsai trees and ensuring the continued health of these miniature masterpieces.

Bacterial Diseases

Bacterial diseases, though less common than fungal diseases, can also pose a serious threat to the health of bonsai trees. Fire blight, a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, is particularly devastating to bonsai trees. Symptoms of fire blight include the rapid wilting and blackening of leaves and shoots, as well as the formation of cankers on the branches and trunk of the tree. Cankers are sunken, discolored areas on the bark that can ooze a sticky substance. If left untreated, fire blight can spread rapidly throughout the tree, eventually leading to its death.

Crown gall, another bacterial disease, is caused by the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Crown gall is characterized by the formation of瘤 on the roots or trunk of the tree. These瘤 can vary in size and may appear as round or irregular swellings. Crown gall can weaken the tree and make it more susceptible to other diseases and pests. In severe cases, crown gall can girdle the trunk of the tree,阻碍ing the flow of nutrients and water and eventually leading to the death of the tree.

Treatment for bacterial diseases in bonsai trees typically involves the use of antibiotics. It is important to identify the specific type of bacteria causing the disease in order to select the most appropriate antibiotic. In some cases, surgical removal of infected branches or roots may be necessary to prevent the further spread of the disease. It is important to note that bacterial diseases can be difficult to treat, and it is often necessary to take preventative measures to minimize the risk of infection. These measures include avoiding wounding the tree, practicing good sanitation, and providing proper cultural care.

Viral Diseases

Viral diseases, while less common than fungal and bacterial diseases, can also affect the health of bonsai trees. Mosaic virus is a common viral disease that can cause a variety of symptoms in bonsai trees, including yellowing and mottling of leaves, stunted growth, and leaf distortion. Yellow vein virus is another viral disease that can affect bonsai trees, causing yellowing of the veins of the leaves, as well as stunted growth and leaf distortion. Viral diseases can be difficult to diagnose and treat, as there are no specific cures for these diseases.

One of the main challenges in managing viral diseases in bonsai trees is that they can be spread easily through contact with infected plants or tools. It is important to practice good hygiene when working with bonsai trees to minimize the risk of spreading viral diseases. This includes disinfecting tools and avoiding contact with infected plants. Additionally, it is important to purchase bonsai trees from reputable sources to reduce the risk of introducing viral diseases into your collection.

Although there is no cure for viral diseases in bonsai trees, there are some steps that can be taken to manage the disease and minimize its impact on the tree. These steps include providing the tree with optimal care, including proper watering, fertilization, and sunlight. Additionally, it is important to isolate infected trees to prevent the spread of the disease to other trees in the collection.

2. Pests

Pests can pose a significant threat to the health of bonsai trees, causing damage to the leaves, stems, and roots of the tree. Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects that feed on the sap of plants. Mealybugs are also sap-feeding insects, and they are covered in a white, waxy substance that protects them from predators. Scale insects are small, armored insects that attach themselves to the stems and leaves of plants. All of these pests can cause damage to bonsai trees by sucking the sap from the tree, which can lead to yellowing of the leaves, stunted growth, and reduced vigor. Additionally, pests can also transmit diseases to bonsai trees.

There are a variety of methods that can be used to control pests on bonsai trees. One method is to use insecticidal soap or neem oil, which can be applied to the tree to kill the pests. Another method is to use beneficial insects, such as ladybugs or lacewings, which feed on pests. It is important to identify the specific type of pest that is affecting the tree in order to select the most appropriate control method.

Prevention is also an important part of pest management for bonsai trees. Regular inspection of the tree can help to identify pests early on, when they are easier to control. Additionally, keeping the tree healthy and vigorous can help to make it less susceptible to pests.

Insects

Insects are one of the most common types of pests that can affect bonsai trees. Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects that feed on the sap of plants. Mealybugs are also sap-feeding insects, and they are covered in a white, waxy substance that protects them from predators. Both aphids and mealybugs can cause damage to bonsai trees by sucking the sap from the tree, which can lead to yellowing of the leaves, stunted growth, and reduced vigor. Additionally, aphids and mealybugs can also produce honeydew, a sticky substance that can attract ants and other pests.

There are several different methods that can be used to control insects on bonsai trees. One method is to use insecticidal soap or neem oil, which can be applied to the tree to kill the insects. Another method is to use beneficial insects, such as ladybugs or lacewings, which feed on aphids and mealybugs. It is important to identify the specific type of insect that is affecting the tree in order to select the most appropriate control method.

Prevention is also an important part of insect control for bonsai trees. Regular inspection of the tree can help to identify insects early on, when they are easier to control. Additionally, keeping the tree healthy and vigorous can help to make it less susceptible to insects.

Mites

Mites are tiny, spider-like creatures that can infest bonsai trees. Spider mites are one of the most common types of mites that affect bonsai trees. They are very small and difficult to see, but they can cause significant damage to the tree. Spider mites feed on the sap of plants, which can lead to yellowing of the leaves, leaf distortion, and premature leaf drop. Eriophyid mites are another type of mite that can affect bonsai trees. Eriophyid mites are even smaller than spider mites, and they can cause a variety of symptoms, including stunted growth, leaf curling, and the formation of galls.

There are a number of different methods that can be used to control mites on bonsai trees. One method is to use insecticidal soap or neem oil, which can be applied to the tree to kill the mites. Another method is to use predatory mites, which feed on spider mites and eriophyid mites. It is important to identify the specific type of mite that is affecting the tree in order to select the most appropriate control method.

Prevention is also an important part of mite control for bonsai trees. Regular inspection of the tree can help to identify mites early on, when they are easier to control. Additionally, keeping the tree healthy and vigorous can help to make it less susceptible to mites.

Scales

Scales are small, armored insects that attach themselves to the branches and leaves of bonsai trees. They feed on the sap of the tree, which can lead to yellowing of the leaves, weakening of the tree, and stunted growth. Scales can also produce honeydew, a sticky substance that can attract ants and other pests.

There are a number of different methods that can be used to control scales on bonsai trees. One method is to use insecticidal soap or neem oil, which can be applied to the tree to kill the scales. Another method is to use horticultural oil, which can be applied to the tree to suffocate the scales. It is important to identify the specific type of scale that is affecting the tree in order to select the most appropriate control method.

Prevention is also an important part of scale control for bonsai trees. Regular inspection of the tree can help to identify scales early on, when they are easier to control. Additionally, keeping the tree healthy and vigorous can help to make it less susceptible to scales.

3. Nutritional Deficiencies

Bonsai trees require a specific balance of nutrients in order to thrive. Deficiencies in any of these nutrients can lead to a variety of symptoms, including yellowing of the leaves, stunted growth, and poor fruit production.

Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients for bonsai trees. Nitrogen is essential for the production of chlorophyll, which is the green pigment that gives leaves their color. Nitrogen deficiency can cause the leaves of a bonsai tree to turn yellow, and can also lead to stunted growth.

Phosphorus is another important nutrient for bonsai trees. Phosphorus is essential for the development of roots and flowers. Phosphorus deficiency can cause the roots of a bonsai tree to become weak and stunted, and can also lead to poor flowering and fruit production.

Potassium is another important nutrient for bonsai trees. Potassium is essential for the production of starch and sugars. Potassium deficiency can cause the leaves of a bonsai tree to turn yellow and brown, and can also lead to weak stems and poor fruit production.

There are a number of ways to prevent and correct nutrient deficiencies in bonsai trees. One way is to use a balanced fertilizer that contains all of the essential nutrients. Another way is to use organic matter, such as compost or manure, to improve the soil quality and provide nutrients to the tree.

Nitrogen Deficiency

Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients for plants, and bonsai trees are no exception. Nitrogen is essential for the production of chlorophyll, the green pigment that gives leaves their color. Nitrogen deficiency can cause the leaves of a bonsai tree to turn yellow, a condition known as chlorosis. In addition to yellowing leaves, nitrogen deficiency can also lead to stunted growth and reduced fruit production.

There are a number of factors that can contribute to nitrogen deficiency in bonsai trees, including:

• Overwatering: Overwatering can leach nitrogen from the soil.
• Poor soil drainage: Poor soil drainage can lead to waterlogged conditions, which can also leach nitrogen from the soil.
• Lack of organic matter: Organic matter, such as compost or manure, is a good source of nitrogen for bonsai trees. If the soil is lacking in organic matter, the tree may not be getting enough nitrogen.

There are a number of ways to prevent and correct nitrogen deficiency in bonsai trees. One way is to use a balanced fertilizer that contains nitrogen. Another way is to add organic matter to the soil. You can also top-dress the soil with a nitrogen-rich fertilizer, such as blood meal or fish emulsion.

If you suspect that your bonsai tree is suffering from nitrogen deficiency, it is important to take steps to correct the problem as soon as possible. Nitrogen deficiency can weaken the tree and make it more susceptible to pests and diseases.

Phosphorus Deficiency

Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plants, and bonsai trees are no exception. Phosphorus is involved in a number of important plant processes, including photosynthesis, energy storage, and cell division. Phosphorus deficiency can lead to a variety of symptoms in bonsai trees, including stunted growth, poor root development, and dark green leaves with a purplish tinge.

There are a number of factors that can contribute to phosphorus deficiency in bonsai trees, including:

• Low soil pH: Phosphorus is less available to plants in soils with a low pH.
• Overwatering: Overwatering can leach phosphorus from the soil.
• Poor soil drainage: Poor soil drainage can lead to waterlogged conditions, which can also leach phosphorus from the soil.

There are a number of ways to prevent and correct phosphorus deficiency in bonsai trees. One way is to use a balanced fertilizer that contains phosphorus. Another way is to add organic matter to the soil. You can also top-dress the soil with a phosphorus-rich fertilizer, such as bone meal or rock phosphate.

If you suspect that your bonsai tree is suffering from phosphorus deficiency, it is important to take steps to correct the problem as soon as possible. Phosphorus deficiency can weaken the tree and make it more susceptible to pests and diseases.

Potassium Deficiency

Potassium is an essential nutrient for plants, and bonsai trees are no exception. Potassium is involved in a number of important plant processes, including photosynthesis, water transport, and protein synthesis. Potassium deficiency can lead to a variety of symptoms in bonsai trees, including yellowing or browning of leaf margins, reduced fruit production, and weak stems.

There are a number of factors that can contribute to potassium deficiency in bonsai trees, including:

• Overwatering: Overwatering can leach potassium from the soil.
• Poor soil drainage: Poor soil drainage can lead to waterlogged conditions, which can also leach potassium from the soil.
• Lack of organic matter: Organic matter, such as compost or manure, is a good source of potassium for bonsai trees. If the soil is lacking in organic matter, the tree may not be getting enough potassium.

There are a number of ways to prevent and correct potassium deficiency in bonsai trees. One way is to use a balanced fertilizer that contains potassium. Another way is to add organic matter to the soil. You can also top-dress the soil with a potassium-rich fertilizer, such as wood ash or greensand.

If you suspect that your bonsai tree is suffering from potassium deficiency, it is important to take steps to correct the problem as soon as possible. Potassium deficiency can weaken the tree and make it more susceptible to pests and diseases.

4. Environmental Stress

Bonsai trees, with their delicate nature, are susceptible to various environmental stressors that can compromise their health and vitality. Extreme temperatures, both hot and cold, can pose significant challenges to these miniature masterpieces. Excessive heat can cause the leaves of a bonsai tree to wilt and turn brown, while prolonged exposure to cold temperatures can damage the tree’s roots and foliage.

In addition to temperature extremes, lack of water can also stress bonsai trees. Bonsai trees have relatively small root systems, making them more vulnerable to drought conditions. When a bonsai tree does not receive enough water, it may exhibit symptoms such as wilting, yellowing leaves, and leaf drop.

Environmental stress can weaken a bonsai tree’s immune system, making it more susceptible to pests and diseases. Stressed trees are also more likely to experience stunted growth and reduced fruit production. To minimize the impact of environmental stress on bonsai trees, it is crucial for owners to provide proper care and maintenance, ensuring optimal growing conditions and protection from extreme temperatures and water scarcity.

Overwatering

Overwatering is one of the most common mistakes that bonsai owners make. Bonsai trees have relatively small root systems, and they do not tolerate overwatering well. Overwatering can lead to a number of problems, including root rot, yellowing leaves, and stunted growth.

Root rot is a fungal infection that can occur when the roots of a bonsai tree are constantly wet. Root rot can cause the roots to rot and die, which can eventually kill the tree. Symptoms of root rot include yellowing leaves, wilting, and stunted growth.

Overwatering can also lead to yellowing leaves. When a bonsai tree is overwatered, the roots are unable to absorb enough oxygen. This can cause the leaves to turn yellow and drop off.

Overwatering can also stunt the growth of a bonsai tree. When a bonsai tree is overwatered, the roots are unable to absorb enough nutrients from the soil. This can cause the tree to grow slowly or even stop growing altogether.

To avoid overwatering your bonsai tree, it is important to water it only when the soil is dry to the touch. You should also make sure that the pot has good drainage so that excess water can drain away. If you are unsure whether or not your bonsai tree needs water, it is always better to err on the side of caution and wait a few days before watering it again.

Underwatering

Underwatering is another common mistake that bonsai owners make. Bonsai trees need regular watering, but they should not be overwatered. Underwatering can cause a number of problems, including wilting, leaf drop, and brown, crispy leaves.

Wilting is the most common symptom of underwatering. When a bonsai tree is underwatered, the leaves will wilt and become limp. If the tree is not watered soon, the leaves will eventually turn brown and drop off.

Underwatering can also cause leaf drop. When a bonsai tree is underwatered, the roots are unable to absorb enough water to support the leaves. This can cause the leaves to turn yellow and drop off.

Underwatering can also cause the leaves of a bonsai tree to turn brown and crispy. This is because the leaves are not getting enough water to stay hydrated.

To avoid underwatering your bonsai tree, it is important to water it regularly. The frequency of watering will vary depending on the type of tree, the size of the pot, and the climate. It is best to water your bonsai tree when the soil is dry to the touch. You should also make sure that the pot has good drainage so that excess water can drain away.

Temperature Extremes

Bonsai trees, with their delicate nature, are sensitive to extreme temperatures. Exposure to excessive heat or cold can cause damage to the leaves, weaken the tree, and make it more susceptible to pests and diseases.

Extreme heat can cause the leaves of a bonsai tree to wilt, scorch, and turn brown. The heat can also damage the roots of the tree, making it difficult for the tree to absorb water and nutrients. If a bonsai tree is exposed to extreme heat for a prolonged period of time, it may die.

Extreme cold can also damage the leaves of a bonsai tree. The leaves may turn brown, black, or purple and fall off. The cold can also damage the roots of the tree, making it difficult for the tree to absorb water and nutrients. If a bonsai tree is exposed to extreme cold for a prolonged period of time, it may die.

To protect your bonsai tree from temperature extremes, it is important to provide it with a sheltered location. You can also use a shade cloth to protect the tree from the sun during hot weather. In cold weather, you can wrap the tree in a blanket or burlap to protect it from the cold.

It is also important to water your bonsai tree regularly during hot weather. This will help to keep the roots of the tree cool and hydrated. You should also avoid overwatering your bonsai tree during cold weather, as this can make the tree more susceptible to root rot.

5. Physical Damage

Physical damage can be a significant threat to the health of a bonsai tree. This damage can occur from a variety of sources, including accidents, pests, or improper pruning.

Accidents can happen at any time, and they can cause a variety of damage to a bonsai tree. The tree may be knocked over, branches may be broken, or the bark may be damaged. If the damage is severe, it may kill the tree.

Pests can also cause physical damage to a bonsai tree. Insects, such as aphids and scale, can suck the sap from the leaves and stems of the tree. This can cause the leaves to turn yellow and drop off. Other pests, such as borers, can tunnel into the wood of the tree, weakening it and making it more susceptible to disease.

Improper pruning can also cause physical damage to a bonsai tree. If the branches are pruned too severely, it can weaken the tree and make it more susceptible to disease. Improper pruning can also create wounds that can become infected.

To prevent physical damage to your bonsai tree, it is important to take proper care of the tree and to protect it from pests and diseases. You should also be careful when pruning the tree, and you should only remove branches that are necessary.

If your bonsai tree does suffer physical damage, it is important to take steps to repair the damage as soon as possible. This may involve pruning away damaged branches, treating wounds with a fungicide, or repotting the tree into a new pot.

Broken Branches

Broken branches are a common problem for bonsai trees. They can occur as a result of accidents, storms, or improper pruning. Broken branches can create entry points for pathogens, weaken the tree, and affect its balance.

When a branch is broken, it creates an open wound on the tree. This wound can provide an entry point for pathogens, such as bacteria and fungi. These pathogens can cause the tree to develop diseases, which can weaken the tree and eventually kill it.

Broken branches can also weaken the tree. The tree relies on its branches to support its weight and to photosynthesize. When a branch is broken, the tree loses some of its support and its ability to photosynthesize. This can make the tree more susceptible to pests and diseases.

Broken branches can also affect the balance of the tree. A tree’s branches are arranged in a specific way to help the tree maintain its balance. When a branch is broken, it can throw off the tree’s balance and make it more likely to fall over.

To prevent broken branches, it is important to handle your bonsai tree carefully. You should also protect the tree from strong winds and storms. If a branch does break, it is important to clean the wound and seal it with a grafting wax or pruning sealant. This will help to prevent the entry of pathogens and promote healing.

Pest Damage

Pests can be a serious problem for bonsai trees. They can cause damage to the leaves, stems, and roots of the tree, and they can also transmit diseases. Some of the most common pests that affect bonsai trees include borers and weevils.

Borers are insects that tunnel into the wood of the tree. They can cause significant damage to the tree’s structure, and they can also weaken the tree and make it more susceptible to disease. Weevils are another type of insect that can damage bonsai trees. Weevils feed on the leaves of the tree, and they can cause the leaves to turn brown and drop off.

To prevent pest damage, it is important to inspect your bonsai tree regularly for signs of pests. If you find any pests, you should take steps to remove them as soon as possible. There are a variety of methods that can be used to control pests on bonsai trees, including insecticidal soap, neem oil, and beneficial insects.

In addition to preventing pest damage, it is also important to take steps to protect your bonsai tree from diseases. Diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Some of the most common diseases that affect bonsai trees include powdery mildew, root rot, and fire blight.

To prevent diseases, it is important to keep your bonsai tree healthy and vigorous. This means providing the tree with the proper amount of water, fertilizer, and sunlight. You should also avoid overwatering the tree, as this can make the tree more susceptible to disease.

Improper Pruning

Improper pruning is one of the most common mistakes that bonsai owners make. Pruning is an essential part of bonsai care, but it must be done correctly in order to avoid damaging the tree. Improper pruning can remove essential branches, damage the bark, and create scars that can become infected.

One of the most important things to remember when pruning a bonsai tree is to only remove branches that are necessary. Removing too many branches can weaken the tree and make it more susceptible to disease. It is also important to avoid cutting branches too close to the trunk. This can damage the bark and create a wound that can become infected.

When pruning a bonsai tree, it is important to use sharp tools. Dull tools can crush the branches and damage the bark. It is also important to make clean cuts. Jagged cuts can tear the bark and create wounds that can become infected.

After pruning a bonsai tree, it is important to seal the wounds with a grafting wax or pruning sealant. This will help to prevent the entry of pathogens and promote healing.

If you are unsure about how to prune your bonsai tree, it is best to consult with a professional. Improper pruning can damage the tree, so it is important to do it correctly.

Quiz

1. Which of the following is NOT a type of fungal disease that can affect bonsai trees? (a) Powdery mildew (b) Root rot (c) Mosaic virus (d) Fire blight

2. True or False: Bacterial diseases are more common than fungal diseases in bonsai trees. (a) True (b) False

3. Which of the following pests can suck the sap from the leaves and stems of a bonsai tree? (a) Aphids (b) Scale (c) Borers (d) Weevils

4. True or False: Improper pruning can remove essential branches from a bonsai tree. (a) True (b) False

5. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of overwatering in bonsai trees? (a) Yellowing leaves (b) Wilting (c) Stunted growth (d) Brown, crispy leaves

Answer Key

1. (c) Mosaic virus
2. (b) False
3. (a) Aphids
4. (a) True
5. (d) Brown, crispy leaves